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What the Anti-Federalists Were For: The Political Thought of the Opponents of the Constitution, by Herbert J. Storing
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The Anti-Federalists, in Herbert J. Storing's view, are somewhat paradoxically entitled to be counted among the Founding Fathers and to share in the honor and study devoted to the founding. "If the foundations of the American polity was laid by the Federalists," he writes, "the Anti-Federalist reservations echo through American history; and it is in the dialogue, not merely in the Federalist victory, that the country's principles are to be discovered." It was largely through their efforts, he reminds us, that the Constitution was so quickly amended to include a bill of rights.
Storing here offers a brilliant introduction to the thought and principles of the Anti-Federalists as they were understood by themselves and by other men and women of their time. His comprehensive exposition restores to our understanding the Anti-Federalist share in the founding its effect on some of the enduring themes and tensions of American political life. The concern with big government and infringement of personal liberty one finds in the writings of these neglected Founders strikes a remarkably timely note.
- Sales Rank: #601730 in Books
- Published on: 1981-01-15
- Released on: 1981-01-15
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.25" h x .30" w x 6.13" l, .44 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 120 pages
About the Author
Herbert J. Storing (1928-77) was the Robert K. Gooch Professor of Government and director for the Program on the Presidency, White Burkett Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Murray Dry is the Charles A. Dana professor of political science at Middlebury College.
Herbert J. Storing (1928-77), who spent most of his professional life at the University of Chicago, was, at the time of his death, Robert K. Gooch Professor of Government and the director of the Program on the Presidency, White Burkett Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Murray Dry, who prepared this abridgment, is the Charles A. Dana Professor of political science at Middlebury College.
Most helpful customer reviews
13 of 14 people found the following review helpful.
What the Anti-Federalists were For
By Sam Adams
Herbert Storing died in 1977 before publication of his 7-volume The Complete Anti-Federalist. The [1981] What the Anti-Federalists were For, the book under review, was part of volume 1 of that publication.
The Anti-Federalists were opposed to the ratification of the Constitution as it was proposed following the 1787 Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention. They were not opposed to the original purpose of the Convention, which had been to discuss the revision, amendment, and improvement of the Articles of Confederation which had gone into force in March of 1781. The Articles as they stood were ineffective as a confederation among the 13 states, but the Constitution as proposed was dangerous to individual liberty and the sovereignty of the states.
Indeed, the Convention had no authorization or legal authority to forgo its directive and abandon the Articles altogether, bypassing Article XIII, and formulating an entirely separate and distinct document which, upon approval of only 9 of the 13 confederated states, founded a new government that wholly disregards the authority of the government established by the Articles of Confederation, which, according to its sovereign assertions: "shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual".
A large republic, the Anti-Federalists believed, is ineffectual in a free society. "Only a small republic can enjoy a voluntary attachment of the people to the government and a voluntary obedience to the laws. Only a small republic can secure a genuine responsibility of the government to the people. Only a small republic can form the kind of citizens who will maintain republican government. These claims are central to the Anti-Federalist position." (16)
Storing tells us: "Federalism means that the states are primary, that they are equal, and that they possess the main weight of political power. The defense of the federal character of the American union was the most prominent article of Anti-Federalist conservative doctrine." (9) The Anti-Federalists disclaimed the name given to them by the self-nominated Federalists. They who wrote against the proponents of the new Constitution saw themselves as the true federalists. The terminological debate arose because of an ambiguity in the concept of federalism (compare this with the modern concept of liberalism). One understanding focused on the preservation of state power within a federation, whereas the contrary understanding focused on the authorization of national power within a federation. "The ambiguity arose because strengthening the federal *authority* could be carried so far as to undermine the federal *principle*; and that was precisely what the Anti-Federalists claimed their opponents were doing." (10) The new national government, with its consolidation of power, would overwhelm the states.
"The Anti-Federalists could not consistently hold to the doctrine of state supremacy because they admitted it would lead to anarchy among the states. They could not accept national supremacy because they thought it would lead to centralized tyranny." (33) Following, initially with reluctance, a reconceptualization of federalism by the Federalists to mean "a mixed national and federal system" (33), the Anti-Federalists came to see "a government in which neither the whole nor the part are supreme" (33) to be "under all the circumstances, the best way to preserve the principles they thought fundamental." (33) However: "Once the legitimacy of the new federalism is accepted, the Federalists emphasized the primacy of the national component in the mixture, while the Anti-Federalists urged the importance of a strict division of power and even something like a divided sovereignty, the possibility of which their early strictly federal argument had denied." (33) Again, terminological confusion arose because of conflicting views on the role, purpose, and dangers of a national government.
Congress, as sanctioned by the Constitution, is faulty. The House of Representatives is inadequate as establishing the representation of the people, and "the mixture of legislative, executive, and judicial powers in the Senate violate[s] the maxim of separation and seem[s] designed to lay the foundation for a permanent aristocracy." (48-49) The Senate is "the fetus of an aristocratic domination." (49)
Of the power given the Judiciary, the Anti-Federalist Brutus wrote: "I question whether the world ever saw, in any period of it, a court of justice invested with such immense powers, and yet placed in a situation so little responsible." (50) He warned: "If ... the legislature pass any laws, inconsistent with the sense the judges put upon the constitution, they will declare it void; and therefore in this respect their power is superior to that of the legislature." (50) The Federal Farmer agreed, saying that "we are more in danger of sowing the seeds of arbitrary government in this department than in any other." (50)
The Constitution as proposed has no Bill (Declaration) of Rights. Without this there is no security against despotism, nor is there security against the tyranny of the majority wherein the people themselves as a coercive, factional majority suppress the liberty of individuals outside the faction. The argument of the Federalists that the entire Constitution guarantees these rights is erroneous. The power of government is not to be trusted.
Storing discusses more than reported here. He includes discussion of the Federalist positions on some issues. His chapter on the Bill of Rights is surprisingly weak.
9 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
One of the best books around for understanding the Anti-Federalists and the Founding
By Benjamin Geslison
Cannot recommend this book highly enough. If you want to know what the Anti-Federalists were thinking, why they ultimately lost the debate, and their proper place in the history of the Founding, this is the book to read. Easy read and short, but full of great information.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Great for Learning About the Anti-Federalists
By Kate87
First off, I'm not a theory/philosophy person AT ALL but I've been assigned this book in two graduate level political science courses. While I don't particularly like the material (important but mind numbingly dry), this is a fantastic book for understanding the Anti-Federalists' position about the role of government in America. The Federalist papers are often the only readings assigned in American Government classes which is a shame. This book provides a fantastic overview of the opposition's position and explains a lot about the context of the debate. Well worth reading if you are interested in the topic.
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